Importance of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes Produced by Fusarium graminearum during Infection of Wheat Heads

Cytological studies were carried out to elucidate the importance of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) during infection of wheat spikes by Fusarium graminearum. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that at 6–24 hours after inoculation (hai) of single spikelets with macroconidia of F. graminearum, the fungus germinated by forming several germ tubes and developed a dense hyphal network in the cavity of the spikelet. At 24–36hai, the fungus formed infection hyphae which invaded the ovary and inner surface of the lemma and palea. Transmission electron microscopical studies revealed that the fungus extended inter- and intracellularly in the ovary, lemma and rachis and caused considerable damage and alterations to the host cell walls. In different tissues of healthy and F. graminearum-infected wheat spikes the cell wall components cellulose, xylan and pectin were localized by means of enzyme-gold and immuno-gold labelling techniques. Localization of cellulose, xylan and pectin showed that host cell walls which were in direct contact with the pathogen surface had reduced gold labelling compared to considerable higher labelling densities of walls distant from the pathogen–host interface or in non-colonized tissues. The reduced gold labelling densities in the infected host cell walls indicate that these polysaccharide degrading enzymes might be important pathogenicity factors of F. graminearum during infection of wheat spikes. The results revealed that, infection and colonization of wheat spikes by F. graminearum and reactions of infected host tissue were similar to those reported for F. culmorum.     

‘新红星’苹果果实蔗糖合酶的活性及亚细胞定位

 在‘新红星’苹果果实发育过程中, 伴随果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖的积累, 蔗糖合酶的分解活性逐渐下降, 而合成活性逐渐升高。苹果果实的蔗糖合酶由分子量为90 kD 的亚基组成, 其免疫信号强度随发育进程而增加。蔗糖合酶主要定位于果肉细胞的细胞质中, 发育中后期该酶的分布密度有一定增加。综合结果认为, 蔗糖合酶调控发育早期蔗糖的降解和发育后期蔗糖的积累。     

花生脂肪酸延长酶基因ＡｈＦＡＥ１及其启动子的克隆与功能分析

为探讨花生脂肪酸中低芥酸含量的原因,从花生中克隆了脂肪酸延长酶FAE1及其启动子序列,并进行了功能分析。结果表明,AhFAE1全长cDNA为2 202bp,含有441bp的5?非翻译区及201bp的3?非翻译区,编码蛋白含519aa,分子量58.17Da,理论等电点9.15,AhFAE1与麻疯树（Jatropha curcas ALB76796.1）、黄麻（Corchorus capsularis OMO87584.1）、拟南芥AtKCS4亲缘关系较近。亚细胞定位结果显示AhFAE1定位于内质网。qRT-PCR结果显示,AhFAE1在各个组织中均有表达,在种子中随着种子的发育成“钟”型变化,花后60d表达量最高。构建了植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法转化拟南芥研究启动子功能,利用GUS组织化学染色研究其表达特征,在任何组织中未发现GUS活性。推测AhFAE1可能参与了花生长链脂肪酸的合成,但是该基因启动子转录活性弱可能是造成花生中低芥酸含量的主要原因。      

白粉菌诱导下小麦TaNHO1基因的克隆、表达分析及亚细胞定位

非寄主抗性基因 NHO1(non-host resistance 1)编码的甘油激酶(glycerol kinase,GK),是甘油代谢中的限速酶之一,参与植物对多种病害的抵御过程。为进一步探究其响应小麦白粉菌侵染的表达模式,利用RT-PCR方法克隆获得了转录自抗病种质N9134的三个部分同源染色体的小麦 NHO1基因(分别命名为 TaNHO1-2A、 TaNHO1-2B和 TaNHO1-2D),分析三个 TaNHO1同源基因的序列、启动子组成元件和表达模式,并明确了其亚细胞定位。序列分析结果表明,小麦 TaNHO1-2A/2B/2D基因CDS区序列全长分别为1 605、1 599和1 605 bp,分别编码534、532和534个氨基酸残基;3个同源基因均含有与 AtNHO1(AT1G80460.1)基因以及 OsNHO1(Os04G0647800)基因高度相似的FGGY_N端和FGGY_C端结构域。经对启动子区结构分析,该基因启动子区含有大量与植物激素及逆境响应相关的顺式作用元件,意味着 TaNHO1可受到多种植物激素诱导并参与小麦抗病过程。qRT-PCR结果表明,在N9134抗病近等基因系响应白粉菌(Blumeria graminis f. sp.tritici,Bgt)侵染过程中,三个同源基因在不同时间点表达模式不同,其中 TaNHO1-2A、 TaNHO1-2B基因在侵染早期均上调表达,而 TaNHO1-2D则表现出多次波动的表达模式;在N9134感病近等基因系遗传背景下,同源基因的表达水平在病菌侵染后48 h均表现出下调,说明该基因能够响应白粉菌侵染。经亚细胞定位分析,该基因主要作用于细胞质、细胞膜以及核膜。     

Yield-height correlation and QTL localization for plant height in two lowland switchgrass populations

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), as a model herbaceous crop species for bioenergy production, is targeted to improve biomass yield and feedstock quality. Plant height is a major component contributing to biomass yield. Accordingly, the objectives of this research were to analyze phenotypic variation for biomass and plant height and the association between them and to localize associated plant height QTLs. Two lowland switchgrass mapping populations, one selfed and another hybrid population established in the field at Perkins and Stillwater, Oklahoma, were deployed in the experiment for two years post establishment. Large genetic variation existed for plant biomass and height within the two populations. Plant height was positively correlated with biomass yield in the selfed population (r = 0.39, P<0.0001) and the hybrid population (r = 0.41, P<0.0001). In the selfed population, a joint analysis across all environments revealed 10 QTLs and separate analysis for each environment, collectively revealed 39 QTLs related to plant height. In the hybrid population, the joint analysis across overall environments revealed 35 QTLs and the separate analysis for each environment revealed 38 QTLs. The findings of this research contribute new information about the genetic control for plant height and will be useful for future plant breeding and genetic improvement programs in lowland switchgrass.     

小麦TaHTAS-5A基因的克隆、表达分析及亚细胞定位

非生物胁迫对小麦的生长发育具有不良影响,克隆与非生物胁迫相关的基因,并对其结构及表达特性进行分析,可以为进一步探索小麦的抗逆机制和抗逆育种奠定基础。本研究利用同源克隆技术从普通小麦品种中国春中克隆了水稻E3泛素连接酶基因OsHTAS的同源基因TaHTAS-5A(GeneBank登录号:MF967573),并利用生物信息学方法对其基因序列特征进行分析;利用qRT-PCR技术对该基因在小麦不同组织及不同逆境胁迫下的表达模式进行分析;同时,对该基因的表达产物进行了亚细胞定位。结果表明,小麦TaHTAS-5A基因含有220bp的5′UTR、1 242bp的ORF以及126bp的3′UTR,共编码413个氨基酸;基因组分析表明,该基因全长3 819bp,共包含4个外显子和3个内含子;缺体-四体定位表明该基因位于小麦5A染色体上;蛋白结构分析显示,TaHTAS-5A蛋白的N端包含四个跨膜结构域,C端包含一个E3泛素连接酶特有的RING finger保守结构域,具有植物E3泛素连接酶的结构特征;qRT-PCR结果显示,TaHTAS-5A对高温、低温和ABA都有响应,对干旱和盐响应不敏感;TaHTAS-5A在小麦的根、茎、叶和幼穗等不同组织中均有表达,但表达量有差异,在叶和穗中的表达量明显高于根部和茎部;亚细胞定位结果表明,TaHTAS-5A位于细胞膜上。本研究为进一步探究小麦TaHTAS-5A基因的功能奠定了基础,也为小麦非生物胁迫抗性改良提供了一定的理论依据。     

An improved localization algorithm based on RSSI for landslide monitoring

In order to overcome the existing problems of low automation, high cost and difficult to implement in the area of landslide monitoring, this paper presents a new method of RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator)based positioning technology without any one-off instruments to monitor landslide surface displacement. By adding weighted factors, the improved positioning algorithm can estimate the parameters of the path loss model dynamically and calculates the communication distance of network nodes in real-time, which can improve positioning precision and reduce the impact of environmental changes on it. The MATLAB experiments show that, compared with the traditional RSSI based localization algorithm using fixed pass loss model, the improved algorithm could significantly reduce the average error.     

陆地棉转录因子的染色体定位

利用植物转录因子PTFD数据库1 116条陆地棉转录因子DNA序列设计的1 455对SSR引物,筛选陆地棉品种/品系渝棉1号、中棉所35、7235和T586,获得66对多态性引物。它们涉及到27个转录因子家族的64个转录因子,其中渝棉1号与中棉所35间23对多态性引物,渝棉1号与T586间30对多态性引物,渝棉1号与7235间33对多态性引物。以多态性引物检测对应重组近交系群体,共获得93个位点。其中,(渝棉1号×中棉所35)群体23个位点,(渝棉1号×T586)群体32个位点,(渝棉1号×7235)群体38个位点。利用转录因子SSR位点与实验室已定位的SSR位点进行遗传连锁分析,将84个位点定位于23条染色体上,其中32个位点分布于A染色体组,52个位点分布于D染色体组。     

家蚕ycaCR基因的表达特征及蛋白质的亚细胞定位

ycaC相关蛋白含有一个保守的ycaC-related结构域,属于异分支酸酶超家族成员。从家蚕蛹cDNA文库中检索到一条EST序列,编码一个含ycaC-related保守结构域的蛋白质,将该cDNA的全长序列命名为BmycaCR(GenBank登录号:GU292794)。通过基因克隆、原核表达和纯化技术得到BmycaCR蛋白,用纯化的蛋白质为抗原免疫新西兰大白兔制备多克隆抗体。Western blot检测BmycaCR蛋白在家蚕卵期的表达水平明显高于其它发育时期,蛋白质在5龄幼虫的睾丸、马氏管、气管、卵巢、表皮、肠和脂肪体中均有表达,而在头部、血液和丝腺中没有检测到阳性信号。荧光定量PCR检测BmycaCR在家蚕卵期的转录水平明显高于其它发育时期,在5龄幼虫各组织中,BmycaCR的转录水平由高到低依次为睾丸、气管、脂肪体、卵巢、表皮、肠、血液、马氏管、丝腺和头部。亚细胞定位显示BmycaCR蛋白在细胞核和细胞质中均有分布,可能发挥基本的生物学功能,并在靠近质膜区域有强的荧光信号,可能具有与其它蛋白质相互结合的功能。     

家蚕脂蛋白基因BmLp-c21的表达分析及蛋白质亚细胞定位

家蚕30 kD脂蛋白家族在家蚕的生长发育过程中具有重要的生理功能。从家蚕蛹cDNA文库中克隆到一条编码30kD蛋白质的基因cDNA序列,该序列全长2 803 bp,ORF为792 bp,编码含263个氨基酸残基的脂蛋白(low molecular 30K lipo-protein pBmHPC-21;GenBank登录号:Q00801),命名为BmLp-c21。将BmLp-c21克隆至原核表达载体pET-28a(+),转化E.coli Rosetta(DE3),IPTG诱导表达后通过亲和层析得到纯化的融合蛋白,并免疫新西兰大白兔制备多克隆抗体。亚细胞定位显示BmLp-c21主要存在于细胞质中,呈点状或者片状分布。通过实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting方法,分别检测到家蚕不同发育时期和5龄幼虫不同组织中BmLp-c21 mRNA的转录水平与蛋白质的表达水平存在较大差异,在蛹期及5龄幼虫血淋巴中的mRNA转录水平和蛋白质表达水平最高。初步推测BmLp-c21在家蚕蛹的变态发育过程以及蚕体脂质的运输方面具有重要的功能。